Power of Unix even apple believes

OS X for UNIX Users

The power of UNIX. The simplicity of Mac.

 Technology Brief July 2011

OS X version 10.7 Lion combines a proven UNIX® foundation with the easy-to-use

Mac interface, bringing multicore technology and 64-bit power to the mass market.

With powerful technologies such as Grand Central Dispatch (GCD), OpenCL, and IPv6,

Lion unleashes the full power of your Mac computer.

There are already tens of millions of OS X users—consumers, scientists, animators,

developers, system administrators, and more—making OS X the most widely used

UNIX desktop operating system. In addition, OS X is the only UNIX environment that

natively runs Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, and thousands of other consumer

applications—all side by side with traditional command-line, X11, and Java applications.

Tight integration with hardware—from the sleek MacBook to the eight-core Mac Pro

computer—is making OS X the platform of choice for an emerging generation of

UNIX users.

https://www.apple.com/media/us/osx/2012/docs/OSX_for_UNIX_Users_TB_July2011.pdf

Linux Grub commands

GRUB - COMMAND LIST

GRUB - COMMAND LIST

blocklist

blocklist FILE
Print the blocklist notation of the file FILE.

boot

Boot the OS/chain-loader which has been loaded.

cat

cat FILE
Print the contents of the file FILE.

chainloader

chainloader [--force] FILE
Load the chain-loader FILE. If --force is specified, then load it forcibly, whether the boot loader signature is present or not.

color

color NORMAL [HIGHLIGHT]
Change the menu colors. The color NORMAL is used for most lines in the menu, and the color HIGHLIGHT is used to highlight the line where the cursor points. If you omit HIGHLIGHT, then the inverted color of NORMAL is used for the highlighted line. The format of a color is "FG/BG". FG and BG are symbolic color names. symbolic color name must be one of these: black, blue, green, cyan, red, magenta, brown, light-gray, dark-gray, light-blue, light-green, light-cyan, light-red, light-magenta, yellow and white. But only the first eight names can be used for BG. You can prefix "blink-" to FG if you want a blinking foreground color.

configfile

configfile FILE
Load FILE as the configuration file.

debug

Turn on/off the debug mode.

device

device DRIVE DEVICE
Specify DEVICE as the actual drive for a BIOS drive DRIVE. This command can be used only in the grub shell.

displaymem

Display what GRUB thinks the system address space map of the machine is, including all regions of physical RAM installed.

embed

embed STAGE1_5 DEVICE
Embed the Stage 1.5 STAGE1_5 in the sectors after MBR if DEVICE is a drive, or in the "bootloader" area if DEVICE is a FFS partition. Print the number of sectors which STAGE1_5 occupies if successful.

find

find FILENAME
Search for the filename FILENAME in all of partitions and print the list of the devices which contain the file.

fstest

Toggle filesystem test mode.

geometry

geometry DRIVE [CYLINDER HEAD SECTOR [TOTAL_SECTOR]]
Print the information for a drive DRIVE. In the grub shell, you canset the geometry of the drive arbitrarily. The number of the cylinders, the one of the heads, the one of the sectors and the
one of the total sectors are set to CYLINDER, HEAD, SECTOR and TOTAL_SECTOR, respectively. If you omit TOTAL_SECTOR, then it will be calculated based on the C/H/S values automatically.

help

help [PATTERN ...]
Display helpful information about builtin commands.

hide

hide PARTITION
Hide PARTITION by setting the "hidden" bit in its partition type code.

impsprobe

Probe the Intel Multiprocessor Specification 1.1 or 1.4 configuration table and boot the various CPUs which are found into a tight loop.

initrd

initrd FILE [ARG ...]
Load an initial ramdisk FILE for a Linux format boot image and set the appropriate parameters in the Linux setup area in memory.

install

install STAGE1 [d] DEVICE STAGE2 [ADDR] [p] [CONFIG_FILE] REAL_CONFIG_FILE]
Install STAGE1 on DEVICE, and install a blocklist for loading STAGE2 as a Stage 2. If the option `d' is present, the Stage 1 will always look for the disk where STAGE2 was installed, rather
than using the booting drive. The Stage 2 will be loaded at address ADDR, which will be determined automatically if you don't specify it. If the option `p' or CONFIG_FILE is present, then the first block of Stage 2 is patched with new values of the partition and name of the configuration file used by the true Stage 2 (for a Stage 1.5, this is the name of the true Stage 2) at boot time. If STAGE2 is a Stage 1.5 and REAL_CONFIG_FILE is present, then the Stage 2 CONFIG_FILE is patched with the configuration filename REAL_CONFIG_FILE.

ioprobe

ioprobe DRIVE
Probe I/O ports used for the drive DRIVE.

kernel

kernel FILE [ARG ...]
Attempt to load the primary boot image from FILE. The rest of the line is passed verbatim as the "kernel command line". Any modules must be reloaded after using this command.

makeactive

Set the active partition on the root disk to GRUB's root device. This command is limited to _primary_ PC partitions on a hard disk.

map

map TO_DRIVE FROM_DRIVE
Map the drive FROM_DRIVE to the drive TO_DRIVE. This is necessary when you chain-load some operating systems, such as DOS, if such an OS resides at a non-first drive.

module

module FILE [ARG ...]
Load a boot module FILE for a Multiboot format boot image (no interpretation of the file contents is made, so users of this command must know what the kernel in question expects). The rest
of the line is passed as the "module command line", like the `kernel' command.

modulenounzip

modulenounzip FILE [ARG ...]
The same as `module', except that automatic decompression is disabled.

pause

pause [MESSAGE ...]
Print MESSAGE, then wait until a key is pressed.

quit

Exit from the GRUB shell.

read

read ADDR
Read a 32-bit value from memory at address ADDR and display it in hex format.

root

root [DEVICE [HDBIAS]]
Set the current "root device" to the device DEVICE, then attempt to mount it to get the partition size (for passing the partition descriptor in `ES:ESI', used by some chain-loaded bootloaders),
the BSD drive-type (for booting BSD kernels using their native boot format), and correctly determine the PC partition where a BSD sub-partition is located. The optional HDBIAS parameter is a number to tell a BSD kernel how many BIOS drive numbers are on controllers before the current one. For example, if there is an IDE disk and a SCSI disk, and your FreeBSD root partition is on the SCSI disk, then use a `1' for HDBIAS.

rootnoverify

rootnoverify [DEVICE [HDBIAS]]
Similar to `root', but don't attempt to mount the partition. This is useful for when an OS is outside of the area of the disk that GRUB can read, but setting the correct root device is still desired. Note that the items mentioned in `root' which derived from attempting the mount will NOT work correctly

setkey

setkey TO_KEY FROM_KEY
Change the keyboard map. The key FROM_KEY is mapped to the key TO_KEY. A key must be an alphabet, a digit, or one of these: escape, exclam, at, numbersign, dollar, percent, caret,
ampersand, asterisk, parenleft, parenright, minus, underscore, equal, plus, backspace, tab, bracketleft, braceleft, bracketright, braceright, enter, control, semicolon, colon, quote, doublequote, backquote, tilde, shift, backslash, bar, comma, less, period, greater, slash, question, alt, space, capslock, FX (X is a digit), and delete.

setup

setup INSTALL_DEVICE [IMAGE_DEVICE]
Set up the installation of GRUB automatically. This command uses the more flexible command "install" in the backend and installs GRUB into the device INSTALL_DEVICE. If IMAGE_DEVICE is specified, then find the GRUB images in the device IMAGE_DEVICE,
otherwise use the current "root device", which can be set by the command "root".

splashscreen

splashscreen FILE
Load file as splashscreen hook and call it each time the screen is to be cleared

testload

testload FILE
Read the entire contents of FILE in several different ways and compares them, to test the filesystem code. The output is somewhat cryptic, but if no errors are reported and the final `i=X, filepos=Y' reading has X and Y equal, then it is definitely consistent, and very likely works correctly subject to a consistent offset error. If this test succeeds, then a good next step is to try loading a kernel.

unhide

unhide PARTITION
Unhide PARTITION by clearing the "hidden" bit in its partition type code.

uppermem

uppermem KBYTES
Force GRUB to assume that only KBYTES kilobytes of upper memory are installed. Any system address range maps are discarded.

HOW TO SETUP A HOME CLOUD?

Cloud computing is internet-based computing in which large groups of remote servers are networked to allow the centralized data storage, and online access to computer services or resources. Clouds can be classified as public, private or hybrid.

Build your own cloud with Ubuntu OpenStack

Ubuntu OpenStack is a fully integrated and optimised combination of the latest release of Ubuntu Server and the latest release of OpenStack. The main OpenStack releases are supported for a full five years on LTS releases of Ubuntu, giving you peace of mind combined with the latest OpenStack features.

Ubuntu OpenStack is the platform of choice for OpenStack users, with 55% of OpenStack deployments taking place on Ubuntu, and 7 out of 8 OpenStack ‘super-users’ choosing Ubuntu.

http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud

Linux OS Development enthusiatics

Linux kernel Download

https://www.kernel.org/


SKILLS REQUIRED:

GNU C/C++
Linux
Operating systems

Protocol	Location
HTTP	https://www.kernel.org/pub/
FTP	ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/
RSYNC	rsync://rsync.kernel.org/pub/

Best LINUX Distribution for Security Professionsals

KALI LINUX
http://www.kali.org/

Kali Linux is best distribution for security professionals.Kali Linux is a Debian-derived Linux distribution designed for digital forensics and penetration testing. It is maintained and funded by Offensive Security Ltd. It was developed by Mati Aharoni and Devon Kearns of Offensive Security through the rewrite of BackTrack, their previous forensics Linux distribution.

Kali Linux is preinstalled with numerous penetration-testing programs, including nmap (a port scanner), Wireshark (a packet analyzer), John the Ripper (a password cracker), and Aircrack-ng (a software suite for penetration-testing wireless LANs).  Kali Linux can run natively when installed on a computer's hard disk, can be booted from a live CD or live USB, or it can run within a virtual machine. It is a supported platform of the Metasploit Project's Metasploit Framework, a tool for developing and executing security exploits. 

Linux Fun commands

Try this fun commands on your terminal.
 

1.Cowsay

Fancy a talking cow that will speak out anything you want it to? Here's how you can do that:

$ sudo apt-get install cowsay

$ cowsay "Hi, How are you" 

2.Cowthink

Fancy a thinking cow that can do more than just talking? Here's how you can do that:

$ cowthink "Hmm, I didn't know that"

3.Steam Locomotive

Fancy a steam locomotive running across your terminal? Here's how you can do that:

$ sudo apt-get install sl

4.fortune

Fancy a sensible quote, or your fortune for the day on your terminal? Here's how you can do that:

$ fortune -s

5.The MATRIX

Fancy the Neo style matrix on your terminal? Here's how you can do that:

$ sudo apt-get install cmatrix

6.Reverse text and files

If you're looking to print the reverse of whatever you type in, here's what you have to do:

$ rev

7.Moo

Fancy a cow that does a moo? Here's how you can do that:

$ apt-get moo

8.May the force be with you!

Fancy some Star Wars inside the terminal? Here's how you can do that:

$ telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl 

9.Cconvert images to ascii art

Hre's how you can do that:

$ sudo apt-get install aview

$ asciiview Tux.png -driver curses

10.Burn the console

If you're looking to put your terminal on fire, here's what you'll have to do:

$ aafire

REDHAT certifications