Kali Linux NetHunter HID Attack ON ANDROID DEVICE

Kali has not stopped or restricted to the computers or laptops now its time to explore it on tablets. the tablets have very high collaboration and accessibility of great feature of kali Linux Linux os. Introducing KALI Nethunter.

Kali Linux NetHunter. NetHunter is a Android penetration testing platform for Nexus and OnePlus devices built on top of Kali Linux, which includes some special and unique features. Of course, you have all the usual Kali tools in NetHunter as well as the ability to get a full VNC session from your phone to a graphical Kali chroot, however the strength of NetHunter does not end there.

Important Concepts

• Kali NetHunter runs within a chroot environment on the Android device so, for example, if you start an SSH server via an Android application, your SSH connection would connect to Android and not Kali Linux. This applies to all network services.
• When configuring payloads, the IP address field is the IP address of the system where you want the shell to return to. Depending on your scenario, you may want this address to be something other than the NetHunter.
• Due to the fact that the Android device is rooted, Kali NetHunter has access to all hardware, allowing you to connect USB devices such as wireless NICs directly to Kali using an OTG cable.

Kali Linux NetHunter HID Attack ON ANDROID DEVICE Bypassing Windows / OSX logins using Kon-Boot Transparently Backdooring Executables over HTTP

Supported Devices

The Kali NetHunter image is currently compatible with the following Nexus and OnePlus devices:

• Nexus 4 (GSM) - “mako”
• Nexus 5 (GSM/LTE) - “hammerhead”
• Nexus 7 [2012] (Wi-Fi) - “nakasi”
• Nexus 7 [2012] (Mobile) - “nakasig”
• Nexus 7 [2013] (Wi-Fi) - “razor”
• Nexus 7 [2013] (Mobile) - “razorg”
• Nexus 10 (Tablet) - “mantaray”
• OnePlus One 16 GB - “bacon”
• OnePlus One 64 GB - “bacon”

Why doesn't Linux run on 16 bit architecture ?

You may think where are people using 16 bit architecture  hardware for building devices. And yes they required in embedded systems, if you want to design a Linux based interface to show up details on the electric cooker with small screen setup on it. you may go  less architecture processor (may be 16 bit). In such conditions you may need port Linux kernel to the 16 bit processor.

The 8086("eighty eighty-six", also called iAPX 86) is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by Intel between early 1976 and mid-1978, when it was released. The Intel 8088, released in 1979, was a slightly modified chip with an external 8-bit data bus (allowing the use of cheaper and fewer supporting ICs), and is notable as the processor used in the original IBM PC design, including the widespread version called IBM PC XT.

 The Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset (ELKS) project found at http://elks.sourceforge.net/, for example, was aimed at running Linux on 16-bit processors,such as the Intel 8086 and 286. 

regarding Linux’s inability to run on any processor below 32 bits is not entirely true. There have been Linux ports to a number of
odd processors.It has seen several attempts at revival over the past few years, and even may well work for some users by the time you read this edition, but it is really strictly a research project at this point—you won’t see a vendor offering support for Linux on an 80286. The point here is that if you choose to use Linux on a processor lower than 32 bits, it is absolutely certain that you will be on your own. Even if you get the kernel to boot, the range of applications is limited.

LINUX Running on 8 bit processor

ubuntu 15.04 - Vivid Vervet released

In ubuntu 15.04 systemd is introduced as previously the OS starts with init (ubuntu's custom start up where it loads all boot up modules to start the system services). 

systemd's model for starting processes (units) is "lazy dependency-based", i. e. a unit will only start if and when some other starting unit depends on it. During boot, systemd starts a "root unit" (default.target, can be overridden in grub), which then transitively expands and starts its dependencies. A new unit needs to add itself as a dependency of a unit of the boot sequence (commonly multi-user.target) in order to become active. systemd is a system and service manager for Linux, compatible with SysV and LSB init scripts. systemd provides aggressive parallelization capabilities, uses socket and D-Bus activation for starting services, offers on-demand starting of daemons, keeps track of processes using Linux control groups, supports snapshotting and restoring of the system state, maintains mount and auto mount points and implements an elaborate transactional dependency-based service control logic.


Linux kernel 3.19 gives more push with operating system in gaining its performance of network,file systems behaviour

Download Ubuntu 15.04

Images can be downloaded from a location near you.

You can download ISOs from:

http://releases.ubuntu.com/15.04/ (Ubuntu Desktop, Server, and Snappy Core)
http://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/releases/15.04/release/ (Ubuntu Cloud Server)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/netboot/15.04/ (Ubuntu Netboot)

http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/kubuntu/releases/15.04/release/ (Kubuntu)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/lubuntu/releases/15.04/release/ (Lubuntu)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntustudio/releases/15.04/release/ (Ubuntu Studio)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-gnome/releases/15.04/release/ (Ubuntu GNOME)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntukylin/releases/15.04/release/ (Ubuntu Kylin)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-mate/releases/15.04/release/ (Ubuntu MATE)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/xubuntu/releases/15.04/release/ (Xubuntu) 

New features in 15.04

Updated Packages

As with every new release, packages--applications and software of all kinds--are being updated at a rapid pace. Many of these packages came from an automatic sync from Debian's unstable branch; others have been explicitly pulled in for Ubuntu 15.04.

For a list of all packages being accepted for Ubuntu 15.04, please subscribe to vivid-changes.

Linux kernel 3.19

For servers we see a number of performance related improvements including network send batching and the introduction of the data centre congestion algorithm, as well as the introduction of discard support in Device Mapper raid configurations. There are also improvements to inode locking which should show benefits under heavy load. Netfilter (nftables) continues to evolve gaining facilities for package logging and dumping. A number of filesystems gained minor new features, including btrfs which improved its disk replacement in raid 5 and 6 configurations, and support for scrubbing in those. NFS gained hole punching and preallocation support. Overlayfs finally moved upstream so simplifying its provision in Ubuntu. On the networking side we see the start of routing and switch offload support, and the addition of checksum offload for Generic UDP Encapsulation. Finally we see the introduction of the cutely named foo-over-UDP support, allowing a number of other protocols to nest inside.

On cloud we saw a number of Device Mapper thin storage improvements including performance improvements under high load, and speedier discards in these thin configurations. Xen saw a number of minor fixes. For Hyper-v we see the ext2 filesystem gain freeze support allowing default configurations to be snapshotted. Openvswitch continued to evolve gaining basic MPLS support and Geneve tunnelling. 

Boot and service management

systemd has replaced Upstart as the standard boot and service manager on all Ubuntu flavors except Touch. At the time of the 15.04 release there are no known major problems which prevent booting. The only service which does not currently start is Juju, which will be fixed in a post-release update soon; all other packaged Ubuntu services are expected to work.

Upstart continues to control user sessions.

If your system does not boot after installing or upgrading, please file a bug report and tag it with `systemd-boot`. Please see/usr/share/doc/systemd/README.Debian about how to debug early boot or shutdown problems.

GREAT PRINCIPLES OF THE OPEN SOURCE WORLD

Moderating Network speeds in LINUX

Linux gives you the scope of moderating the Speeds of the LINUX OS

First we need check for our card if it is suitable attaining the sped we are about to set. Wrong settings may lead you to getting hardware problems.

configuration files:

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifconfig-eth0 (your NIC card)

we can use

1. MII TOOL
2 .ETHTOOL

 use # ethtool eth0  -> to get network speed info

we can use  MII TOOL for moderating speeds

In computing, mii-tool is a Unix command which allows users to query and modify Network Interface Controller (NIC) parameters.

Setup eth0 negotiated speed with mii-tool
Disable autonegotiation, and force the MII to either 100baseTx-FD, 100baseTx-HD, 10baseT-FD, or 10baseT-HD:# mii-tool -F 100baseTx-HD
# mii-tool -F 10baseT-HDSetup eth0 negotiated speed with ethtool# ethtool -s eth0 speed 100 duplex full
# ethtool -s eth0 speed 10 duplex half

Ethtool command has successfully replaced the mii-tool command. Using command you can find out all details about the interface given as its argument.

# ethtool eth0

Settings for eth0:
Supported ports: [ TP MII ]
Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Advertised auto-negotiation: No
Speed: 100Mb/s
Duplex: Full
Port: MII
PHYAD: 1
Transceiver: internal
Auto-negotiation: off
Supports Wake-on: g
Wake-on: g
Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
Link detected: yes

In above output we can see interface eth0 not doing autonegotiation and set to a speed of 100 Mbps, full duplex. A list of supported modes is also provided at the top of the output.
NIC speed and duplex can be set as:

# ethtool –s eth0 speed 100 duplex full

# ethtool –s eth0 speed 10 duplex half

To have these setting during next boot, you need to set them with ETHTOOL_OPTS variable as follows:

# Vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifconfig-eth0

DEVICE=eth0
IPADDR=192.168.100.11
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
BOOTPROTO=static
ONBOOT=yes
ETHTOOL_OPTS="speed 100 duplex full autoneg off"

You can test the settings by shutting down the interface and then activating it again with ifup and ifdown commands.

You can also change speed and duplex mode using –s option as follows:

# ethtool –s eth0 speed 100 duplex full autoneg on

Shell scripting basics

1. A shell script is a text file that typically begins with a shebang, as follows:

#!/bin/bash

Shebang is a line on which #! is prefixed to the interpreter path. /bin/bash is the
interpreter command path for Bash.


2. Execution of scripts :

$ bash script.sh # Assuming script is in the current directory.

Or:

$ bash /home/path/script.sh # Using full path of script.sh.


3.Need to give permissions for execution

$ chmod a+x script.sh

4. In Bash, each commands are delimited by using a semicolon or a new line.

$ command1 ; command2

This is equivalent to:
$ command1
$ command2

5. Printing to terminal

$ echo "Welcome to Mindlevels"
Welcome to Mindlevels

6. color codes in shell

foreground

 reset = 0, black = 30, red = 31,green = 32, yellow = 33, blue = 34, magenta = 35, cyan = 36, and white = 37.

background

reset = 0, black = 40, red = 41, green = 42, yellow = 43, blue = 44,
magenta = 45, cyan = 46, and white=47


echo -e "\e[1;32m This is green text \e[0m"

Here, \e[1;32m is the escape string that sets the color to red and \e[0m resets the color
back. Replace 32 with the required color code.

7. Identifying the current shell

To identify the shell which is currently being used.

echo $SHELL
Or:
echo $0

What is meaning of bashrc?

bashrc : Bourne Again Shell shell run control

It contains all configurations of the bash shell where it loads before terminal opens for the execution of the commands.

When started as an interactive login shell

Bash reads and executes /etc/profile (if it exists). (Often this file calls /etc/bash.bashrc.)

After reading that file, it looks for ~/.bash_profile, ~/.bash_login, and ~/.profile in that order, and reads and executes the first one that exists and is readable.
When a login shell exits

Bash reads and executes ~/.bash_logout (if it exists).
When started as an interactive shell (but not a login shell)

Bash reads and executes ~/.bashrc (if it exists). This may be inhibited by using the --norc option. The --rcfile file option forces Bash to read and execute commands from file instead of ~/.bashrc.

Creating Linux users and gropus

Commands are typed and executed in a shell terminal. When a terminal is opened, a prompt is available which usually has the following format:

username@hostname$

Or:

root@hostname #

or simply as $ or #.

$ represents regular users and # represents the administrative user root. Root is the most privileged user in a Linux system.


Effected Files:

/etc/passwd,
 /etc/shadow,
/etc/group
/etc/gshadow


We can create groups in a way to group users before or after creating users.

Adding/modifying groups:

groupadd
groupmod
gpasswd
groupdel

Switches -a  : to add users
               -d : to delete users
               -m : to add multiple users

Eg :

#groups - displays group of user


Adding/modifying users:

Switches -a  : to add users
               -d : to delete users
               -m : to add multiple users


useradd
usermod
passwd
userdel
chage

Eg:

#useradd

1. Username: User login name used to login into system. It should be between 1 to 32 charcters long.
2. Password: User password (or x character) stored in /etc/shadow file in encrypted format.
3. User ID (UID): Every user must have a User ID (UID) User Identification Number. By default UID 0 is reserved for root user and UID’s ranging from 1-99 are reserved for other predefined accounts. Further UID’s ranging from 100-999 are reserved for system accounts and groups.
4. Group ID (GID): The primary Group ID (GID) Group Identification Number stored in /etc/group file.
5. User Info: This field is optional and allow you to define extra information about the user. For example, user full name. This field is filled by ‘finger’ command.
6. Home Directory: The absolute location of user’s home directory.
7. Shell: The absolute location of a user’s shell i.e. /bin/bash.

Linux releases latest 4.0 kernel

Linux releases latest 4.0 kernel.

Linux kernel is the essential part of any Linux operating system. It is responsible for resource allocation, low-level hardware interfaces, security, simple communications, basic file system management, and more. Written from scratch by Linus Torvalds (with help from various developers), Linux is a clone of the UNIX operating system. It is geared towards POSIX and Single UNIX Specification compliances. 

Installing/Upgrading kernel

DOWNLOAD kernel from https://www.kernel.org/

$ sudo dpkg -i linux-headers-3.18.3*.deb linux-image-3.18.3*.deb

$ sudo update-grub

$ sudo reboot

Linux - all Hadoop ports

Web UIs for the Common User

The default Hadoop ports are as follows:

  Daemon Default Port Configuration Parameter
HDFS Namenode 50070 dfs.http.address
Datanodes 50075 dfs.datanode.http.address
Secondarynamenode 50090 dfs.secondary.http.address
Backup/Checkpoint node? 50105 dfs.backup.http.address
MR Jobracker 50030 mapred.job.tracker.http.address
Tasktrackers 50060 mapred.task.tracker.http.ad


Under the Covers for the Developer and the System Administrator

Internally, Hadoop mostly uses Hadoop IPC to communicate amongst servers. (Part of the goal of the Apache Avro project is to replace Hadoop IPC with something that is easier to evolve and more language-agnostic; HADOOP-6170 is the relevant ticket.) Hadoop also uses HTTP (for the secondarynamenode communicating with the namenode and for the tasktrackers serving map outputs to the reducers) and a raw network socket protocol (for datanodes copying around data).

The following table presents the ports and protocols (including the relevant Java class) that Hadoop uses. This table does not include the HTTP ports mentioned above.

Daemon Default Port Configuration Parameter Protocol Used for
Namenode 8020 fs.default.name? IPC: ClientProtocol Filesystem metadata operations.
Datanode 50010 dfs.datanode.address Custom Hadoop Xceiver: DataNode and DFSClient DFS data transfer
Datanode 50020 dfs.datanode.ipc.address IPC: InterDatanodeProtocol, ClientDatanodeProtocol
ClientProtocol Block metadata operations and recovery
Backupnode 50100 dfs.backup.address Same as namenode HDFS Metadata Operations
Jobtracker Ill-defined.? mapred.job.tracker IPC: JobSubmissionProtocol, InterTrackerProtocol Job submission, task tracker heartbeats.
Tasktracker 127.0.0.1:0¤ mapred.task.tracker.report.address IPC: TaskUmbilicalProtocol Communicating with child jobs
? This is the port part of hdfs://host:8020/.
? Default is not well-defined. Common values are 8021, 9001, or 8012. See MAPREDUCE-566.
¤ Binds to an unused local port.

Linux distributions package management

dpkg, used originally by Debian and now by other systems like Ubuntu, uses the .deb format and was the first to have a widely known dependency resolution tool (APT).

RPM Package Manager, created by Red Hat and used by a number of other Linux distributions. RPM is the Linux Standard Base packaging format and the base of a number of additional tools, including apt4rpm; Red Hat's up2date; Mandriva's urpmi; openSUSE's ZYpp; PLD Linux's poldek; and YUM, which is used by Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and Yellow Dog Linux.

tgz package system that combines the standard tar and gzip. Used by Slackware Linux and its closer derivates, there are a few higher-level tools that use the same tgz packaging format, including: slapt-get, slackpkg, zendo, netpkg, and swaret.

Pacman for Arch Linux, Frugalware and DeLi Linux uses pre-compiled binaries distributed in a compressed Tar archive.

Smart Package Manager, used by CCux Linux

ipkg, a dpkg-inspired, very lightweight system targeted at storage-constrained Linux systems such as embedded devices and handheld computers. It is used on, among others, HP's webOS.

opkg, fork of ipkg

pkgutils, used by CRUX Linux

PETget, used by Puppy Linux

Upkg, a package management and build system based on Mono and XML specifications, used by paldo GNU/Linux and previously by ExTiX Linux

PISI, used by Pardus
appbrowser, a special purpose tool in Tiny Core Linux for browsing and selecting applications from online repositories.

Conary, used by Foresight Linux

Equo, used by Sabayon Linux

Tazpkg - for Slitaz, uses LZMA compressed archives

linuxbrew - A fork of Homebrew for Linux. It does not require sudo.

eopkg, used by Evolve OS Linux

X Window System in linux - GNOME ,UNITY,Cinnamon ,MATE ,KDE ,Xfce

The X Window System (X11, X, and sometimes informally X-Windows) is a windowing system for bitmap displays, common on UNIX-like computer operating systems.

X provides the basic framework for a GUI environment: drawing and moving windows on the display device and interacting with a mouse and keyboard. X does not mandate the user interface — this is handled by individual programs. As such, the visual styling of X-based environments varies greatly; different programs may present radically different interfaces.

Different X Window System Environments in Linux :

GNOME 

GNOME 3 is an easy and elegant way to use your computer. It is designed to put you in control and bring freedom to everybody. GNOME 3 is developed by the GNOME community, a diverse, international group of contributors that is supported by an independent, non-profit foundation.

UNITY

Unity is a graphical shell for the GNOME desktop environment developed by Canonical Ltd. for its Ubuntu operating system. Unity debuted in the netbook edition of Ubuntu 10.10. It was initially designed to make more efficient use of space given the limited screen size of netbooks, including, for example, a vertical application switcher called the launcher, and a space-saving horizontal multipurpose top menu bar.

Unlike GNOME, KDE Software Compilation, Xfce, or LXDE, Unity is not a collection of applications but is designed to use existing programs.

Cinnamon 

Cinnamon is a desktop environment based on GTK+ 3. The project originally started as a fork of the GNOME Shell, i.e. a mere graphical shell. Cinnamon was initially developed by (and for) the Linux distribution Linux Mint. It tries to emulate the Windows 7 and older look and feel and is marketed to people who are uncomfortable with more modern Linux user interfaces such as Ubuntu Unity or GNOME 3.

MATE

The MATE Desktop Environment is the continuation of GNOME 2. It provides an intuitive and attractive desktop environment using traditional metaphors for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems.

KDE

The KDE® Community is an international technology team dedicated to creating a free and user-friendly computing experience, offering an advanced graphical desktop, a wide variety of applications for communication, work, education and entertainment and a platform to easily build new applications upon. We have a strong focus on finding innovative solutions to old and new problems, creating a vibrant atmosphere open for experimentation.

Xfce

Xfce is a lightweight desktop environment for UNIX-like operating systems. It aims to be fast and low on system resources, while still being visually appealing and user friendly.