Artificial intelligence in Nutshell

  Artificial intelligence is a field of study in which we can program computers to make decisions for the work and attain a specific output. The field of AI research was founded at a workshop held on the campus of Dartmouth College, the USA during the summer of 1956. The study helps the computer build models for specific tasks to attain a required range of outputs. For this, the computer must learn the technique to do specific work. So another field of AI called Machine Learning also evolved. In machine learning the computer uses nodes ( sometimes multi-layer nodes to store the weight of the logic to find out the correct decision for the next round of model usage. ) These nodes are also called neurons in the native language

As AI work progress in the future the computer hardware learns different techniques that will be much nearing nearer to human potential to generate an output much equal to the real human. This will definitely help us in solving complex life problems.

Kali Linux NetHunter HID Attack ON ANDROID DEVICE

Kali has not stopped or restricted to the computers or laptops now its time to explore it on tablets. the tablets have very high collaboration and accessibility of great feature of kali Linux Linux os. Introducing KALI Nethunter.

Kali Linux NetHunter. NetHunter is a Android penetration testing platform for Nexus and OnePlus devices built on top of Kali Linux, which includes some special and unique features. Of course, you have all the usual Kali tools in NetHunter as well as the ability to get a full VNC session from your phone to a graphical Kali chroot, however the strength of NetHunter does not end there.

Important Concepts

• Kali NetHunter runs within a chroot environment on the Android device so, for example, if you start an SSH server via an Android application, your SSH connection would connect to Android and not Kali Linux. This applies to all network services.
• When configuring payloads, the IP address field is the IP address of the system where you want the shell to return to. Depending on your scenario, you may want this address to be something other than the NetHunter.
• Due to the fact that the Android device is rooted, Kali NetHunter has access to all hardware, allowing you to connect USB devices such as wireless NICs directly to Kali using an OTG cable.

Kali Linux NetHunter HID Attack ON ANDROID DEVICE Bypassing Windows / OSX logins using Kon-Boot Transparently Backdooring Executables over HTTP

Supported Devices

The Kali NetHunter image is currently compatible with the following Nexus and OnePlus devices:

• Nexus 4 (GSM) - “mako”
• Nexus 5 (GSM/LTE) - “hammerhead”
• Nexus 7 [2012] (Wi-Fi) - “nakasi”
• Nexus 7 [2012] (Mobile) - “nakasig”
• Nexus 7 [2013] (Wi-Fi) - “razor”
• Nexus 7 [2013] (Mobile) - “razorg”
• Nexus 10 (Tablet) - “mantaray”
• OnePlus One 16 GB - “bacon”
• OnePlus One 64 GB - “bacon”

Why doesn't Linux run on 16 bit architecture ?

You may think where are people using 16 bit architecture  hardware for building devices. And yes they required in embedded systems, if you want to design a Linux based interface to show up details on the electric cooker with small screen setup on it. you may go  less architecture processor (may be 16 bit). In such conditions you may need port Linux kernel to the 16 bit processor.

The 8086("eighty eighty-six", also called iAPX 86) is a 16-bit microprocessor chip designed by Intel between early 1976 and mid-1978, when it was released. The Intel 8088, released in 1979, was a slightly modified chip with an external 8-bit data bus (allowing the use of cheaper and fewer supporting ICs), and is notable as the processor used in the original IBM PC design, including the widespread version called IBM PC XT.

 The Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset (ELKS) project found at http://elks.sourceforge.net/, for example, was aimed at running Linux on 16-bit processors,such as the Intel 8086 and 286. 

regarding Linux’s inability to run on any processor below 32 bits is not entirely true. There have been Linux ports to a number of
odd processors.It has seen several attempts at revival over the past few years, and even may well work for some users by the time you read this edition, but it is really strictly a research project at this point—you won’t see a vendor offering support for Linux on an 80286. The point here is that if you choose to use Linux on a processor lower than 32 bits, it is absolutely certain that you will be on your own. Even if you get the kernel to boot, the range of applications is limited.

LINUX Running on 8 bit processor

ubuntu 15.04 - Vivid Vervet released

In ubuntu 15.04 systemd is introduced as previously the OS starts with init (ubuntu's custom start up where it loads all boot up modules to start the system services). 

systemd's model for starting processes (units) is "lazy dependency-based", i. e. a unit will only start if and when some other starting unit depends on it. During boot, systemd starts a "root unit" (default.target, can be overridden in grub), which then transitively expands and starts its dependencies. A new unit needs to add itself as a dependency of a unit of the boot sequence (commonly multi-user.target) in order to become active. systemd is a system and service manager for Linux, compatible with SysV and LSB init scripts. systemd provides aggressive parallelization capabilities, uses socket and D-Bus activation for starting services, offers on-demand starting of daemons, keeps track of processes using Linux control groups, supports snapshotting and restoring of the system state, maintains mount and auto mount points and implements an elaborate transactional dependency-based service control logic.


Linux kernel 3.19 gives more push with operating system in gaining its performance of network,file systems behaviour

Download Ubuntu 15.04

Images can be downloaded from a location near you.

You can download ISOs from:

http://releases.ubuntu.com/15.04/ (Ubuntu Desktop, Server, and Snappy Core)
http://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/releases/15.04/release/ (Ubuntu Cloud Server)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/netboot/15.04/ (Ubuntu Netboot)

http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/kubuntu/releases/15.04/release/ (Kubuntu)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/lubuntu/releases/15.04/release/ (Lubuntu)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntustudio/releases/15.04/release/ (Ubuntu Studio)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-gnome/releases/15.04/release/ (Ubuntu GNOME)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntukylin/releases/15.04/release/ (Ubuntu Kylin)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-mate/releases/15.04/release/ (Ubuntu MATE)
http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/xubuntu/releases/15.04/release/ (Xubuntu) 

New features in 15.04

Updated Packages

As with every new release, packages--applications and software of all kinds--are being updated at a rapid pace. Many of these packages came from an automatic sync from Debian's unstable branch; others have been explicitly pulled in for Ubuntu 15.04.

For a list of all packages being accepted for Ubuntu 15.04, please subscribe to vivid-changes.

Linux kernel 3.19

For servers we see a number of performance related improvements including network send batching and the introduction of the data centre congestion algorithm, as well as the introduction of discard support in Device Mapper raid configurations. There are also improvements to inode locking which should show benefits under heavy load. Netfilter (nftables) continues to evolve gaining facilities for package logging and dumping. A number of filesystems gained minor new features, including btrfs which improved its disk replacement in raid 5 and 6 configurations, and support for scrubbing in those. NFS gained hole punching and preallocation support. Overlayfs finally moved upstream so simplifying its provision in Ubuntu. On the networking side we see the start of routing and switch offload support, and the addition of checksum offload for Generic UDP Encapsulation. Finally we see the introduction of the cutely named foo-over-UDP support, allowing a number of other protocols to nest inside.

On cloud we saw a number of Device Mapper thin storage improvements including performance improvements under high load, and speedier discards in these thin configurations. Xen saw a number of minor fixes. For Hyper-v we see the ext2 filesystem gain freeze support allowing default configurations to be snapshotted. Openvswitch continued to evolve gaining basic MPLS support and Geneve tunnelling. 

Boot and service management

systemd has replaced Upstart as the standard boot and service manager on all Ubuntu flavors except Touch. At the time of the 15.04 release there are no known major problems which prevent booting. The only service which does not currently start is Juju, which will be fixed in a post-release update soon; all other packaged Ubuntu services are expected to work.

Upstart continues to control user sessions.

If your system does not boot after installing or upgrading, please file a bug report and tag it with `systemd-boot`. Please see/usr/share/doc/systemd/README.Debian about how to debug early boot or shutdown problems.

GREAT PRINCIPLES OF THE OPEN SOURCE WORLD

Moderating Network speeds in LINUX

Linux gives you the scope of moderating the Speeds of the LINUX OS

First we need check for our card if it is suitable attaining the sped we are about to set. Wrong settings may lead you to getting hardware problems.

configuration files:

/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifconfig-eth0 (your NIC card)

we can use

1. MII TOOL
2 .ETHTOOL

 use # ethtool eth0  -> to get network speed info

we can use  MII TOOL for moderating speeds

In computing, mii-tool is a Unix command which allows users to query and modify Network Interface Controller (NIC) parameters.

Setup eth0 negotiated speed with mii-tool
Disable autonegotiation, and force the MII to either 100baseTx-FD, 100baseTx-HD, 10baseT-FD, or 10baseT-HD:# mii-tool -F 100baseTx-HD
# mii-tool -F 10baseT-HDSetup eth0 negotiated speed with ethtool# ethtool -s eth0 speed 100 duplex full
# ethtool -s eth0 speed 10 duplex half

Ethtool command has successfully replaced the mii-tool command. Using command you can find out all details about the interface given as its argument.

# ethtool eth0

Settings for eth0:
Supported ports: [ TP MII ]
Supported link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Supports auto-negotiation: Yes
Advertised link modes: 10baseT/Half 10baseT/Full
100baseT/Half 100baseT/Full
Advertised auto-negotiation: No
Speed: 100Mb/s
Duplex: Full
Port: MII
PHYAD: 1
Transceiver: internal
Auto-negotiation: off
Supports Wake-on: g
Wake-on: g
Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
Link detected: yes

In above output we can see interface eth0 not doing autonegotiation and set to a speed of 100 Mbps, full duplex. A list of supported modes is also provided at the top of the output.
NIC speed and duplex can be set as:

# ethtool –s eth0 speed 100 duplex full

# ethtool –s eth0 speed 10 duplex half

To have these setting during next boot, you need to set them with ETHTOOL_OPTS variable as follows:

# Vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifconfig-eth0

DEVICE=eth0
IPADDR=192.168.100.11
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
BOOTPROTO=static
ONBOOT=yes
ETHTOOL_OPTS="speed 100 duplex full autoneg off"

You can test the settings by shutting down the interface and then activating it again with ifup and ifdown commands.

You can also change speed and duplex mode using –s option as follows:

# ethtool –s eth0 speed 100 duplex full autoneg on

Shell scripting basics

1. A shell script is a text file that typically begins with a shebang, as follows:

#!/bin/bash

Shebang is a line on which #! is prefixed to the interpreter path. /bin/bash is the
interpreter command path for Bash.


2. Execution of scripts :

$ bash script.sh # Assuming script is in the current directory.

Or:

$ bash /home/path/script.sh # Using full path of script.sh.


3.Need to give permissions for execution

$ chmod a+x script.sh

4. In Bash, each commands are delimited by using a semicolon or a new line.

$ command1 ; command2

This is equivalent to:
$ command1
$ command2

5. Printing to terminal

$ echo "Welcome to Mindlevels"
Welcome to Mindlevels

6. color codes in shell

foreground

 reset = 0, black = 30, red = 31,green = 32, yellow = 33, blue = 34, magenta = 35, cyan = 36, and white = 37.

background

reset = 0, black = 40, red = 41, green = 42, yellow = 43, blue = 44,
magenta = 45, cyan = 46, and white=47


echo -e "\e[1;32m This is green text \e[0m"

Here, \e[1;32m is the escape string that sets the color to red and \e[0m resets the color
back. Replace 32 with the required color code.

7. Identifying the current shell

To identify the shell which is currently being used.

echo $SHELL
Or:
echo $0